Partnering with colleagues at the University of Minnesota (Sarah Cusick) and Indiana University (Chandy John), we have demonstrated that a decline in malaria transmission is associated with improved iron status. This suggests that activities beyond iron supplementation and nutritional interventions, such as malaria control activities, may be an effective intervention for addressing iron deficiency in malaria endemic regions. On the basis of this project, our team with the Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC, Victor Musiime) and the University of Minnesota (Sarah Cusick) completed a study examining iron indictors in HIV infected individuals, a group with chronic systemic inflammation, in a malaria endemic region and have conducted a clinical trial of iron supplementation in HIV infected children in Kampala, Uganda.